Hello Josie,
It seems like you've already done a great deal of research around your ancestors!
First of all, I'd like to invite you to review
this handy thread about tracing your Irish ancestors, to make sure that you've followed all the suggested steps and that you didn't miss any important details.
I also noticed a fun detail in the document you attached: in the certificate, Patrick McGloughlin is listed as the number 18, although the date is written "1886 Twenty-eighth". It looks like this could have possibly been the cause of the confusion around his birth date.
Have you already thought about this possibility?
We have some fantastic genealogy experts that might be able to help you further.
I cannot wait to hear what will be your next findings!
Elodie